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          <section id="how-to-manage-a-cluster">
<span id="cluster-manage"></span><h1>How to manage a cluster<a class="headerlink" href="#how-to-manage-a-cluster" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
<p>After your cluster is formed, use <a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/manpages/lxc/cluster/list/#lxc-cluster-list-md"><span class="std std-ref"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxc</span> <span class="pre">cluster</span> <span class="pre">list</span></code></span></a> to see a list of its members and their status. Example output:</p>
<div class="terminal scroll docutils container">
<div class="input docutils container">
<div class="prompt docutils container">
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">user&#64;host:~$</span> </code></div>
<span class="command"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxc</span> <span class="pre">cluster</span> <span class="pre">list</span>
</code></span></div>
<div class="terminal-code highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>+---------+----------------------------+------------------+--------------+----------------+-------------+--------+-------------------+
| NAME    |            URL             |      ROLES       | ARCHITECTURE | FAILURE DOMAIN | DESCRIPTION | STATE  |      MESSAGE      |
+---------+----------------------------+------------------+--------------+----------------+-------------+--------+-------------------+
| server1 | https://192.0.2.101:8443   | database-leader  | x86_64       | default        |             | ONLINE | Fully operational |
+---------+----------------------------+------------------+--------------+----------------+-------------+--------+-------------------+
| server2 | https://192.0.2.102:8443   | database-voter   | aarch64      | default        |             | ONLINE | Fully operational |
+---------+----------------------------+------------------+--------------+----------------+-------------+--------+-------------------+
| server3 | https://192.0.2.103:8443   | database-standby | aarch64      | default        |             | ONLINE | Fully operational |
+---------+----------------------------+------------------+--------------+----------------+-------------+--------+-------------------+
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>To see more detailed information about an individual cluster member, run the following command:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc cluster show &lt;member_name&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>To see state and usage information for a cluster member, run the following command:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc cluster info &lt;member_name&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
<section id="configure-your-cluster">
<h2>Configure your cluster<a class="headerlink" href="#configure-your-cluster" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>To configure your cluster, use <a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/manpages/lxc/config/#lxc-config-md"><span class="std std-ref"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxc</span> <span class="pre">config</span></code></span></a>:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc config set &lt;server-config-option&gt; &lt;value&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc config set cluster.max_voters 5
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>All LXD <a class="reference internal" href="../../server/#server"><span class="std std-ref">server configuration options</span></a> can be applied to cluster members.</p>
<p>Keep in mind that some options are global in scope, and others are local. When you configure an option with global scope on any cluster member, the changes are propagated to the other cluster members through the distributed database. The locally scoped options are set only on the cluster member where you configure them, unless you use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--target</span></code> flag to specify a different cluster member.</p>
<p>In addition to the server configuration, there are <a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/cluster_member_config/#cluster-member-config"><span class="std std-ref">cluster member configuration options</span></a> that are specific to each cluster member. To set these configuration values, use <a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/manpages/lxc/cluster/set/#lxc-cluster-set-md"><span class="std std-ref"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxc</span> <span class="pre">cluster</span> <span class="pre">set</span></code></span></a>:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc cluster set &lt;member-name&gt; &lt;member-config-option&gt; &lt;value&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc cluster set server1 scheduler.instance manual
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Alternatively, you can use the <a class="reference internal" href="#cluster-edit"><span class="std std-ref">use the edit command</span></a>.</p>
<section id="assign-member-roles">
<h3>Assign member roles<a class="headerlink" href="#assign-member-roles" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>To add or remove a <a class="reference internal" href="../../explanation/clusters/#clustering-member-roles"><span class="std std-ref">member role</span></a> for a cluster member, use the <a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/manpages/lxc/cluster/role/#lxc-cluster-role-md"><span class="std std-ref"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxc</span> <span class="pre">cluster</span> <span class="pre">role</span></code></span></a> command:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc cluster role add &lt;member-name&gt; &lt;role&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc cluster role add server1 event-hub
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>You can add or remove only those roles that are not assigned automatically by LXD. To find out which roles are automatically assigned, see: <a class="reference internal" href="../../explanation/clusters/#clustering-member-roles"><span class="std std-ref">Member roles</span></a>.</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="manage-failure-domains">
<span id="cluster-manage-failure-domains"></span><h3>Manage failure domains<a class="headerlink" href="#manage-failure-domains" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>To manage the <a class="reference internal" href="../../explanation/clusters/#clustering-failure-domains"><span class="std std-ref">failure domain</span></a> for a cluster member, use the <a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/manpages/lxc/cluster/failure-domain/#lxc-cluster-failure-domain-md"><span class="std std-ref"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxc</span> <span class="pre">cluster</span> <span class="pre">failure-domain</span></code></span></a> command:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc cluster failure-domain set &lt;member-name&gt; &lt;domain&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc cluster failure-domain set server1 rack1
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>To view the current failure domain:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc cluster failure-domain get &lt;member-name&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>To reset the failure domain to the default:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc cluster failure-domain unset &lt;member-name&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="edit-the-cluster-member-configuration">
<span id="cluster-edit"></span><h3>Edit the cluster member configuration<a class="headerlink" href="#edit-the-cluster-member-configuration" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>To edit all properties of a cluster member, including the member-specific configuration, the member roles, the failure domain and the cluster groups, use the following command:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc cluster edit
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>For more information, see: <a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/manpages/lxc/cluster/edit/#lxc-cluster-edit-md"><span class="std std-ref"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxc</span> <span class="pre">cluster</span> <span class="pre">edit</span></code></span></a>.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="evacuate-and-restore-cluster-members">
<span id="cluster-evacuate-restore"></span><h2>Evacuate and restore cluster members<a class="headerlink" href="#evacuate-and-restore-cluster-members" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>There are scenarios where you might need to empty a given cluster member of all its instances (for example, for routine maintenance like applying system updates that require a reboot, or to perform hardware changes). The <a class="reference internal" href="#cluster-evacuate"><span class="std std-ref">evacuate</span></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#cluster-restore"><span class="std std-ref">restore</span></a> commands simplify this process.</p>
<section id="evacuate-a-cluster-member">
<span id="cluster-evacuate"></span><h3>Evacuate a cluster member<a class="headerlink" href="#evacuate-a-cluster-member" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>The evacuation process migrates all instances on a given cluster member to other members in its cluster. The given member is then set to an “evacuated” state, which prevents the creation of any instances on it.</p>
<p>To begin this process, use the <a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/manpages/lxc/cluster/evacuate/#lxc-cluster-evacuate-md"><span class="std std-ref"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxc</span> <span class="pre">cluster</span> <span class="pre">evacuate</span></code></span></a> command:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc cluster evacuate &lt;member_name&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="restore-an-evacuated-cluster-member">
<span id="cluster-restore"></span><h3>Restore an evacuated cluster member<a class="headerlink" href="#restore-an-evacuated-cluster-member" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>When the evacuated cluster member is available again, use the <a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/manpages/lxc/cluster/restore/#lxc-cluster-restore-md"><span class="std std-ref"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxc</span> <span class="pre">cluster</span> <span class="pre">restore</span></code></span></a> command to return it to a normal running state:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc cluster restore &lt;member_name&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This command removes the cluster member’s “evacuated” state, migrates the evacuated instances back from the cluster members that were temporarily holding them (using live migration if applicable), then restarts any instances that were shut down.</p>
</section>
<section id="evacuation-mode-and-live-migration">
<span id="cluster-evacuation-mode"></span><h3>Evacuation mode and live migration<a class="headerlink" href="#evacuation-mode-and-live-migration" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>You can control how each instance is migrated, via the <a class="configref reference internal" href="../../reference/instance_options/#instance-miscellaneous:cluster.evacuate"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cluster.evacuate</span></code></a> instance configuration key. This key applies to the migrations performed during both evacuation and restoration. By default, any instances that are suitable for <a class="reference internal" href="../instances_migrate/#live-migration"><span class="std std-ref">live migration</span></a> will be live-migrated, and any that are not suitable will be shut down. See the <a class="configref reference internal" href="../../reference/instance_options/#instance-miscellaneous:cluster.evacuate"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cluster.evacuate</span></code></a> reference documentation for further information.</p>
<p>If you force <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cluster.evacuate=live-migrate</span></code>, LXD attempts live migration for all instances on the member. Live migration is supported for virtual machines only. If no target member is available for an instance, that instance is skipped. If a live migration attempt fails (for example, when trying to live-migrate a container), the evacuation operation fails.</p>
<p>If an instance is not suitable for live migration, it will be shut down cleanly before evacuation, respecting the <a class="configref reference internal" href="../../reference/instance_options/#instance-boot:boot.host_shutdown_timeout"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">boot.host_shutdown_timeout</span></code></a> configuration key.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>Any instance that you plan to live-migrate must have its <a class="configref reference internal" href="../../reference/instance_options/#instance-migration:migration.stateful"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">migration.stateful</span></code></a> configuration option set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">true</span></code>. Be aware that this option can only be set while the instance is stopped. Thus, for any instance to have the ability to be live-migrated in the future, this option must be set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">true</span></code> ahead of time.</p>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section id="cluster-automatic-evacuation">
<span id="cluster-healing"></span><span id="id1"></span><h2>Cluster healing<a class="headerlink" href="#cluster-automatic-evacuation" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>To enable cluster healing, set the <a class="configref reference internal" href="../../server/#server-cluster:cluster.healing_threshold"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cluster.healing_threshold</span></code></a> configuration to a non-zero value (in seconds). If a cluster member is offline for longer than this threshold, LXD automatically sets its state to “evacuated” and starts its instances on another member. This behavior only applies to instances that use shared storage and have no local devices attached.</p>
<p>Syntax:</p>
<div class="highlight-bash notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc<span class="w"> </span>cluster<span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">set</span><span class="w"> </span>cluster.healing_threshold<span class="w"> </span>&lt;value<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">in</span><span class="w"> </span>seconds&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>When the healed cluster member is available again, you must manually <a class="reference internal" href="#cluster-restore"><span class="std std-ref">restore</span></a> it to remove its “evacuated” state and return instances to it.</p>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p>Enabling the cluster healing threshold carries the risk that LXD might incorrectly judge a cluster member as offline while it is still running workloads. Short-lived network issues or temporary high load might cause a cluster member to briefly stop responding to heartbeat or ICMP packets. If a healing threshold is set, LXD might then start that member’s instances on another cluster member even though they’re still active on the original. Since cluster members share the same storage, this can lead to data corruption.</p>
<p>To avoid this, it’s critical to ensure that any server marked as offline is actually offline and not still running instances. You can automate this by monitoring for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cluster-member-healed</span></code> events and shutting off the affected server through its remote power interface, such as a Baseboard Management Controller (BMC) or Power Distribution Unit (PDU).</p>
<p>To reduce the chance of false healing events, set <a class="configref reference internal" href="../../server/#server-cluster:cluster.healing_threshold"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cluster.healing_threshold</span></code></a> as high as possible within your availability targets.</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="delete-cluster-members">
<span id="cluster-manage-delete-members"></span><h2>Delete cluster members<a class="headerlink" href="#delete-cluster-members" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>To cleanly delete a member from the cluster, use the following command:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc cluster remove &lt;member_name&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You can only cleanly delete members that are online and that don’t have any instances located on them.</p>
<section id="deal-with-offline-cluster-members">
<h3>Deal with offline cluster members<a class="headerlink" href="#deal-with-offline-cluster-members" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>If a cluster member goes permanently offline, you can force-remove it from the cluster.
Make sure to do so as soon as you discover that you cannot recover the member.
If you keep an offline member in your cluster, you might encounter issues when upgrading your cluster to a newer version.</p>
<p>To force-remove a cluster member, enter the following command on one of the cluster members that is still online:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc cluster remove --force &lt;member_name&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition caution">
<p class="admonition-title">Caution</p>
<p>Force-removing a cluster member will leave the member’s database in an inconsistent state (for example, the storage pool on the member will not be removed).
As a result, it will not be possible to re-initialize LXD later, and the server must be fully reinstalled.</p>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section id="update-or-upgrade-cluster-members">
<span id="howto-cluster-manage-update-upgrade"></span><h2>Update or upgrade cluster members<a class="headerlink" href="#update-or-upgrade-cluster-members" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>To update or upgrade a cluster, you must perform the same operation on all of its members, ensuring that they all use the same version of LXD.</p>
<div class="admonition caution">
<p class="admonition-title">Caution</p>
<p>Do not attempt to update or upgrade your cluster if any of its members are offline.
Offline members cannot be updated or upgraded, and your cluster will end up in a blocked state.</p>
<p>Also note that if you are using the snap, updates might happen automatically, so to prevent any issues you should always recover or remove offline members immediately.</p>
</div>
<p>To update or upgrade the cluster, you must apply the change to each cluster member’s LXD installation. If you are using the snap, see <a class="reference internal" href="../snap/#howto-snap-updates"><span class="std std-ref">Manage updates</span></a> for update instructions about updates, and <a class="reference internal" href="../snap/#howto-snap-change"><span class="std std-ref">Change the snap channel</span></a> for upgrade instructions.</p>
<p>If the new version of the daemon has database schema or API changes, the upgraded member might transition into a “blocked” state.
In this case, the member does not serve any LXD API requests (which means that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxc</span></code> commands don’t work on that member anymore), but any running instances will continue to run.</p>
<p>This happens if there are other cluster members that have not been updated or upgraded, resulting in mismatched versions.
Run <a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/manpages/lxc/cluster/list/#lxc-cluster-list-md"><span class="std std-ref"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxc</span> <span class="pre">cluster</span> <span class="pre">list</span></code></span></a> on a cluster member that is not blocked to see if any members are blocked.</p>
<p>As you proceed updating or upgrading the rest of the cluster members, they will all transition to the “blocked” state.
When you update or upgrade the last member, the blocked members will notice that all LXD versions now match, and the blocked members become operational again.</p>
</section>
<section id="update-the-cluster-certificate">
<h2>Update the cluster certificate<a class="headerlink" href="#update-the-cluster-certificate" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>In a LXD cluster, the API on all servers responds with the same shared certificate, which is usually a standard self-signed certificate with an expiry set to ten years.</p>
<p>The certificate is stored at <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/var/snap/lxd/common/lxd/cluster.crt</span></code> (if you use the snap) or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/var/lib/lxd/cluster.crt</span></code> (otherwise) and is the same on all cluster members.</p>
<p>You can replace the standard certificate with another one, such as a valid certificate obtained through ACME services (see <a class="reference internal" href="../../authentication/#authentication-server-certificate"><span class="std std-ref">TLS server certificate</span></a> for more information).
To do so, run the following command on any cluster member:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc cluster update-certificate
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This command replaces the certificate on all cluster members. For more information, see: <a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/manpages/lxc/cluster/update-certificate/#lxc-cluster-update-certificate-md"><span class="std std-ref"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxc</span> <span class="pre">cluster</span> <span class="pre">update-certificate</span></code></span></a>.</p>
</section>
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       Contents
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    <div class="toc-tree-container">
      <div class="toc-tree">
        <ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">How to manage a cluster</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#configure-your-cluster">Configure your cluster</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#assign-member-roles">Assign member roles</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#manage-failure-domains">Manage failure domains</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#edit-the-cluster-member-configuration">Edit the cluster member configuration</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#evacuate-and-restore-cluster-members">Evacuate and restore cluster members</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#evacuate-a-cluster-member">Evacuate a cluster member</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#restore-an-evacuated-cluster-member">Restore an evacuated cluster member</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#evacuation-mode-and-live-migration">Evacuation mode and live migration</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#cluster-automatic-evacuation">Cluster healing</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#delete-cluster-members">Delete cluster members</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#deal-with-offline-cluster-members">Deal with offline cluster members</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#update-or-upgrade-cluster-members">Update or upgrade cluster members</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#update-the-cluster-certificate">Update the cluster certificate</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

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