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<article role="main" id="furo-main-content">
<section id="how-to-benchmark-performance">
<span id="benchmark-performance"></span><h1>How to benchmark performance<a class="headerlink" href="#how-to-benchmark-performance" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
<p class="youtube_link">
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_OKwO5TskA" target="_blank">
<span title="Benchmarking LXD storage drivers" class="play_icon">▶</span>
<span title="Benchmarking LXD storage drivers">Watch on YouTube</span>
</a>
</p>
<p>The performance of your LXD server or cluster depends on a lot of different factors, ranging from the hardware, the server configuration, the selected storage driver and the network bandwidth to the overall usage patterns.</p>
<p>To find the optimal configuration, you should run benchmark tests to evaluate different setups.</p>
<p>LXD provides a benchmarking tool for this purpose.
This tool allows you to initialize or launch a number of containers and measure the time it takes for the system to create the containers.
If you run this tool repeatedly with different configurations, you can compare the performance and evaluate which is the ideal configuration.</p>
<section id="get-the-tool">
<h2>Get the tool<a class="headerlink" href="#get-the-tool" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>To get the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxd-benchmark</span></code> tool, you can download a pre-built binary:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li><p>Download the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bin.linux.lxd-benchmark</span></code> tool (<a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/canonical/lxd/releases/latest/download/bin.linux.lxd-benchmark.aarch64"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bin.linux.lxd-benchmark.aarch64</span></code></a> or <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/canonical/lxd/releases/latest/download/bin.linux.lxd-benchmark.x86_64"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bin.linux.lxd-benchmark.x86_64</span></code></a>) from the <strong>Assets</strong> section of the latest <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/canonical/lxd/releases">LXD release</a>.</p></li>
<li><p>Save the binary as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxd-benchmark</span></code> and make it executable (usually by running <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">chmod</span> <span class="pre">u+x</span> <span class="pre">lxd-benchmark</span></code>).</p></li>
</ol>
<p>If you have <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">go</span></code> (<a class="reference internal" href="../../requirements/#requirements-go"><span class="std std-ref">Go</span></a>) installed, you can build the tool with the following command:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>go install github.com/canonical/lxd/lxd-benchmark@latest
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="run-the-tool">
<h2>Run the tool<a class="headerlink" href="#run-the-tool" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>Run <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxd-benchmark</span> <span class="pre">[action]</span></code> to measure the performance of your LXD setup.</p>
<p>The benchmarking tool uses the current LXD configuration, but users of the snap must export the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">LXD_DIR</span></code> variable for the configuration to be found:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> export LXD_DIR=/var/snap/lxd/common/lxd
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>If you want to use a different project, specify it with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--project</span></code>.</p>
<p>For all actions, you can specify the number of parallel threads to use (default is to use a dynamic batch size).
You can also choose to append the results to a CSV report file and label them in a certain way.</p>
<p>See <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxd-benchmark</span> <span class="pre">help</span></code> for all available actions and flags.</p>
<section id="select-an-image">
<h3>Select an image<a class="headerlink" href="#select-an-image" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>Before you run the benchmark, select what kind of image you want to use.</p>
<dl class="simple myst">
<dt>Local image</dt><dd><p>If you want to measure the time it takes to create a container and ignore the time it takes to download the image, you should copy the image to your local image store before you run the benchmarking tool.</p>
<p>To do so, run a command similar to the following and specify the fingerprint (for example, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2d21da400963</span></code>) of the image when you run <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxd-benchmark</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc image copy ubuntu:24.04 local:
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You can also assign an alias to the image and specify that alias (for example, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ubuntu</span></code>) when you run <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxd-benchmark</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc image copy ubuntu:24.04 local: --alias ubuntu
</pre></div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt>Remote image</dt><dd><p>If you want to include the download time in the overall result, specify a remote image (for example, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ubuntu:24.04</span></code>).
The default image that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxd-benchmark</span></code> uses is the latest Ubuntu image (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ubuntu:</span></code>), so if you want to use this image, you can leave out the image name when running the tool.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
<section id="create-and-launch-containers">
<h3>Create and launch containers<a class="headerlink" href="#create-and-launch-containers" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>Run the following command to create a number of containers:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxd-benchmark init --count <number> <image>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Add <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--privileged</span></code> to the command to create privileged containers.</p>
<p>For example:</p>
<div class="table-wrapper docutils container">
<table class="docutils align-default">
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Command</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Description</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxd-benchmark</span> <span class="pre">init</span> <span class="pre">--count</span> <span class="pre">10</span> <span class="pre">--privileged</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Create ten privileged containers that use the latest Ubuntu image.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxd-benchmark</span> <span class="pre">init</span> <span class="pre">--count</span> <span class="pre">20</span> <span class="pre">--parallel</span> <span class="pre">4</span> <span class="pre">ubuntu-minimal:24.04</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Create 20 containers that use the Ubuntu Minimal 24.04 LTS image, using four parallel threads.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxd-benchmark</span> <span class="pre">init</span> <span class="pre">2d21da400963</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Create one container that uses the local image with the fingerprint <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2d21da400963</span></code>.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxd-benchmark</span> <span class="pre">init</span> <span class="pre">--count</span> <span class="pre">10</span> <span class="pre">ubuntu</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Create ten containers that use the image with the alias <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ubuntu</span></code>.</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p>If you use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">init</span></code> action, the benchmarking containers are created but not started.
To start the containers that you created, run the following command:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxd-benchmark start
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Alternatively, use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">launch</span></code> action to both create and start the containers:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxd-benchmark launch --count 10 <image>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>For this action, you can add the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">--freeze</span></code> flag to freeze each container right after it starts.
Freezing a container pauses its processes, so this flag allows you to measure the pure launch times without interference of the processes that run in each container after startup.</p>
</section>
<section id="delete-containers">
<h3>Delete containers<a class="headerlink" href="#delete-containers" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>To delete the benchmarking containers that you created, run the following command:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxd-benchmark delete
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>You must delete all existing benchmarking containers before you can run a new benchmark.</p>
</div>
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Contents
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<div class="toc-tree">
<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">How to benchmark performance</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#get-the-tool">Get the tool</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#run-the-tool">Run the tool</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#select-an-image">Select an image</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#create-and-launch-containers">Create and launch containers</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#delete-containers">Delete containers</a></li>
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