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        <article role="main" id="furo-main-content">
          <section id="how-to-configure-your-firewall">
<span id="network-bridge-firewall"></span><h1>How to configure your firewall<a class="headerlink" href="#how-to-configure-your-firewall" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
<div class="admonition important">
<p class="admonition-title">Important</p>
<p>This guide applies to managed bridge networks only.</p>
</div>
<p>Linux firewalls are based on <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">netfilter</span></code>.
LXD uses the same subsystem, which can lead to connectivity issues.</p>
<p>If you run a firewall on your system, you might need to configure it to allow network traffic between the managed LXD bridge and the host.
Otherwise, some network functionality (DHCP, DNS and external network access) might not work as expected.</p>
<p>You might also see conflicts between the rules defined by your firewall (or another application) and the firewall rules that LXD adds.
For example, your firewall might erase LXD rules if it is started after the LXD daemon, which might interrupt network connectivity to the instance.</p>
<section id="xtables-vs-nftables">
<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xtables</span></code> vs. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nftables</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#xtables-vs-nftables" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>There are different userspace commands to add rules to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">netfilter</span></code>: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xtables</span></code> (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">iptables</span></code> for IPv4 and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ip6tables</span></code> for IPv6) and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nftables</span></code>.</p>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xtables</span></code> provides an ordered list of rules, which might cause issues if multiple systems add and remove entries from the list.
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nftables</span></code> adds the ability to separate rules into namespaces, which helps to separate rules from different applications.
However, if a packet is blocked in one namespace, it is not possible for another namespace to allow it.
Therefore, rules in one namespace can still affect rules in another namespace, and firewall applications can still impact LXD network functionality.</p>
<p>If your system supports and uses <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nftables</span></code>, LXD detects this and switches to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nftables</span></code> mode.
In this mode, LXD adds its rules into the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nftables</span></code>, using its own <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nftables</span></code> namespace.</p>
</section>
<section id="use-lxd-s-firewall">
<h2>Use LXD’s firewall<a class="headerlink" href="#use-lxd-s-firewall" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>By default, managed LXD bridges add firewall rules to ensure full functionality.
If you do not run another firewall on your system, you can let LXD manage its firewall rules.</p>
<p>To enable or disable this behavior, use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ipv4.firewall</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ipv6.firewall</span></code> <a class="reference internal" href="../../reference/network_bridge/#network-bridge-options"><span class="std std-ref">configuration options</span></a>.</p>
</section>
<section id="use-another-firewall">
<h2>Use another firewall<a class="headerlink" href="#use-another-firewall" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>Firewall rules added by other applications might interfere with the firewall rules that LXD adds.
Therefore, if you use another firewall, you should disable LXD’s firewall rules.
You must also configure your firewall to allow network traffic between the instances and the LXD bridge, so that the LXD instances can access the DHCP and DNS server that LXD runs on the host.</p>
<p>See the following sections for instructions on how to disable LXD’s firewall rules and how to properly configure <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">firewalld</span></code> and UFW, respectively.</p>
<section id="disable-lxd-s-firewall-rules">
<h3>Disable LXD’s firewall rules<a class="headerlink" href="#disable-lxd-s-firewall-rules" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>Run the following commands to prevent LXD from setting firewall rules for a specific network bridge (for example, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxdbr0</span></code>):</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>lxc network set &lt;network_bridge&gt; ipv6.firewall false
lxc network set &lt;network_bridge&gt; ipv4.firewall false
</pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="firewalld-add-the-bridge-to-the-trusted-zone">
<h3><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">firewalld</span></code>: Add the bridge to the trusted zone<a class="headerlink" href="#firewalld-add-the-bridge-to-the-trusted-zone" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>To allow traffic to and from the LXD bridge in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">firewalld</span></code>, add the bridge interface to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">trusted</span></code> zone.
To do this permanently (so that it persists after a reboot), run the following commands:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>sudo firewall-cmd --zone=trusted --change-interface=&lt;network_bridge&gt; --permanent
sudo firewall-cmd --reload
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>sudo firewall-cmd --zone=trusted --change-interface=lxdbr0 --permanent
sudo firewall-cmd --reload
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
<!-- Include start warning -->
<p>The commands given above show a simple example configuration.
Depending on your use case, you might need more advanced rules and the example configuration might inadvertently introduce a security risk.</p>
<!-- Include end warning -->
</div>
</section>
<section id="ufw-add-rules-for-the-bridge">
<h3>UFW: Add rules for the bridge<a class="headerlink" href="#ufw-add-rules-for-the-bridge" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h3>
<p>If UFW has a rule to drop all unrecognized traffic, it blocks the traffic to and from the LXD bridge.
In this case, you must add rules to allow traffic to and from the bridge, as well as allowing traffic forwarded to it.</p>
<p>To do so, run the following commands:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>sudo ufw allow in on &lt;network_bridge&gt;
sudo ufw route allow in on &lt;network_bridge&gt;
sudo ufw route allow out on &lt;network_bridge&gt;
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>For example:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>sudo ufw allow in on lxdbr0
sudo ufw route allow in on lxdbr0
sudo ufw route allow out on lxdbr0
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p>The commands given above show a simple example configuration.
Depending on your use case, you might need more advanced rules and the example configuration might inadvertently introduce a security risk.</p>
<p>Here’s an example for more restrictive firewall rules that limit access from the guests to the host to only DHCP and DNS and allow all outbound connections:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># allow the guest to get an IP from the LXD host</span>
<span class="n">sudo</span> <span class="n">ufw</span> <span class="n">allow</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">on</span> <span class="n">lxdbr0</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="nb">any</span> <span class="n">port</span> <span class="mi">67</span> <span class="n">proto</span> <span class="n">udp</span>
<span class="n">sudo</span> <span class="n">ufw</span> <span class="n">allow</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">on</span> <span class="n">lxdbr0</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="nb">any</span> <span class="n">port</span> <span class="mi">547</span> <span class="n">proto</span> <span class="n">udp</span>

<span class="c1"># allow the guest to resolve host names from the LXD host</span>
<span class="n">sudo</span> <span class="n">ufw</span> <span class="n">allow</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">on</span> <span class="n">lxdbr0</span> <span class="n">to</span> <span class="nb">any</span> <span class="n">port</span> <span class="mi">53</span>

<span class="c1"># allow the guest to have access to outbound connections</span>
<span class="n">CIDR4</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;$(lxc network get lxdbr0 ipv4.address | sed &#39;s|\.[0-9]\+/|.0/|&#39;)&quot;</span>
<span class="n">CIDR6</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;$(lxc network get lxdbr0 ipv6.address | sed &#39;s|:[0-9]\+/|:/|&#39;)&quot;</span>
<span class="n">sudo</span> <span class="n">ufw</span> <span class="n">route</span> <span class="n">allow</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">on</span> <span class="n">lxdbr0</span> <span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;$</span><span class="si">{CIDR4}</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span>
<span class="n">sudo</span> <span class="n">ufw</span> <span class="n">route</span> <span class="n">allow</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">on</span> <span class="n">lxdbr0</span> <span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">&quot;$</span><span class="si">{CIDR6}</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
</section>
<section id="prevent-connectivity-issues-with-lxd-and-docker">
<span id="network-lxd-docker"></span><h2>Prevent connectivity issues with LXD and Docker<a class="headerlink" href="#prevent-connectivity-issues-with-lxd-and-docker" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>Running LXD and Docker on the same host can cause connectivity issues.
A common reason for these issues is that Docker sets the global FORWARD policy to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">drop</span></code>, which prevents LXD from forwarding traffic and thus causes the instances to lose network connectivity.
See <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.docker.com/engine/network/packet-filtering-firewalls/#docker-on-a-router">Docker on a router</a> for detailed information.</p>
<p>There are multiple ways to work around this problem:</p>
<dl class="simple myst">
<dt>Enable IPv4 forwarding</dt><dd><p>To prevent Docker from modifying the global FORWARD policy, you can enable IPv4 forwarding <em>before</em> the Docker service starts. LXD bridge networks normally enable this setting, but if LXD starts after Docker, then Docker will already have modified the global FORWARD policy.</p>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p>For Docker versions prior to 28.0, enabling IPv4 forwarding can cause Docker container ports to be reachable from any machine on your local network. This is no longer the case since Docker 28.0. For details, see the <a class="reference external" href="https://www.docker.com/blog/docker-engine-28-hardening-container-networking-by-default/">announcement from Docker</a>.</p>
</div>
<p>Enable IPv4 forwarding with the following <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sysctl</span></code> setting:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>net.ipv4.conf.all.forwarding=1
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition important">
<p class="admonition-title">Important</p>
<p>You must make this setting persistent across host reboots.</p>
<p>One way to ensure this is to add a file in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/sysctl.d/</span></code> directory by running the following commands:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>echo &quot;net.ipv4.conf.all.forwarding=1&quot; &gt; /etc/sysctl.d/99-forwarding.conf
systemctl restart systemd-sysctl
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</dd>
<dt>Allow egress network traffic flows</dt><dd><p>If you do not want the Docker container ports to be potentially reachable from any machine on your local network, you can apply a more complex solution provided by Docker.</p>
<p>Use the following commands to explicitly allow egress network traffic flows from your LXD managed bridge interface:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>iptables  -I DOCKER-USER -i &lt;network_bridge&gt; -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -I DOCKER-USER -i &lt;network_bridge&gt; -j ACCEPT
iptables  -I DOCKER-USER -o &lt;network_bridge&gt; -m conntrack --ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -I DOCKER-USER -o &lt;network_bridge&gt; -m conntrack --ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>For example, if your LXD managed bridge is called <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lxdbr0</span></code>, you can allow egress traffic to flow using the following commands:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>iptables  -I DOCKER-USER -i lxdbr0 -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -I DOCKER-USER -i lxdbr0 -j ACCEPT
iptables  -I DOCKER-USER -o lxdbr0 -m conntrack --ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
ip6tables -I DOCKER-USER -o lxdbr0 -m conntrack --ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition important">
<p class="admonition-title">Important</p>
<p>You  must make these firewall rules persistent across host reboots.
How to do this depends on your Linux distribution.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt>Uninstall Docker</dt><dd><p>To avoid issues with Docker entirely, uninstall Docker from the system that runs LXD and restart the system.
You can run Docker inside a LXD container or virtual machine instead.</p>
<p>See <a class="reference external" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_fCSSEyiGro">Running Docker inside of a LXD container</a> for detailed information.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
</section>

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        <ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">How to configure your firewall</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#xtables-vs-nftables"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">xtables</span></code> vs. <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nftables</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#use-lxd-s-firewall">Use LXD’s firewall</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#use-another-firewall">Use another firewall</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#disable-lxd-s-firewall-rules">Disable LXD’s firewall rules</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#firewalld-add-the-bridge-to-the-trusted-zone"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">firewalld</span></code>: Add the bridge to the trusted zone</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#ufw-add-rules-for-the-bridge">UFW: Add rules for the bridge</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#prevent-connectivity-issues-with-lxd-and-docker">Prevent connectivity issues with LXD and Docker</a></li>
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          <ul><li><a href="https://discuss.linuxcontainers.org/t/10034" target="_blank">Lxd&#32;bridge&#32;doesn't&#32;work&#32;with&#32;IPv4&#32;and&#32;UFW&#32;with&#32;nftables</a></li><li><a href="https://discuss.linuxcontainers.org/t/9953" target="_blank">LXD&#32;and&#32;Docker&#32;Firewall&#32;Redux&#32;-&#32;How&#32;to&#32;deal&#32;with&#32;FORWARD&#32;policy&#32;set&#32;to&#32;drop</a></li></ul>
        
        
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